For a video version of this tutorial visit www.proko.com/how-to-draw-eyes-structure
This tutorial is a continuation of How to Draw the Head from Any Angle. I will go over the structure of the eye and detailed information on drawing the brow ridge, eyeball, eyelids, eyelashes, iris, cornea, and pupil.
The Basic Forms
 As with the head, it’s important to understand the basic structure of the eye and the brow ridge. The brow ridge can be simplified to a box tilted back slightly. The front plane of the box represents the forehead and the bottom plane represents the plane directly beneath the eyebrows. The eye itself is a simple sphere that sits under this box. |
The Eyeball
The part of the eyeball that is visible (technical term is Sclera) is commonly called the ‘white of the eye’. However, a common mistake is to literally make it white. The eye ball is a round volume and it needs to be shaded like one. Depending on the light source, usually a gradient on one side or both will do the trick.
The biggest mistake you can make is to leave the ‘white of the eye’ white, when the entire eye is in shadow. That makes it look as if the eye is glowing. Not good…
The Iris, Cornea, and Pupil
Structure of the Iris and Cornea
 The iris and cornea sit on the eyeball like two bowls. The iris is a slightly concave bowl (like a crater) and the cornea is a convex bowl (like a hill). The cornea is much like a transparent contact lens, so the iris and pupil are visible behind it.The shape and angle of the iris is commonly overlooked. It will only be a perfect circle from front view. When the eye moves around, the shape becomes an oval and the angle changes depending on the direction of the gaze: |
 The further the iris is from center, the narrower the oval will become. |
 To find the angle of the oval, draw a straight line from the center of the eyeball to the iris. The angle will be perpendicular to this line. |
The Pupil
It’s important to remember that the pupil is on the iris, not the cornea. In fact, the pupil is a hole in the iris that lets light in. The pupil dilates to let in more light and contracts to let in less light. So, when drawing the pupil from a side angle, be sure to draw it on the iris.
Shading the Iris, Cornea, and Pupil
Understanding the structure of these forms is important for when you start shading them. The pupil is easy. Its always a black dot on the iris. When we describe the color of someone’s eyes, we are describing the color of the iris. The iris must be shaded like a concave form. If the light source is from the top, the bottom of the iris will be lit. If the light source is from the left, the right side of the iris will be lit, and so on… The cornea will be the exact opposite, because it is a convex form. This is easier to understand with an image:
 Since the cornea is transparent, the only part that will be visible is the highlight. So, an easier way to remember all this is… The highlight on the cornea will usually be on the dark part of the iris. |
The Eyelids
Eyelids Are Not Flat
 Try not to draw the eye lids as if they are flat on the face. The eyelids must wrap around the eyeball. Think of two beanies on a soccer ball. |
Also, the lids have some thickness to them, so showing the bottom plane of the top lid and the top plane of the bottom lid is very important. If the light source is above the eye, as it usually is, the top lid will have a shadow on its bottom plane and the bottom lid will have a highlight on its top plane.
The Shape of the Eyelids
The shape of the opening between the eyelids is one that confuses most of us at one point or another. It’s complex and it changes as the eye moves. From the front, in a relaxed position, it looks something like this:
Notice the angle of the peaks. The top lid peaks closer to the nose, while the bottom lid peaks closer to the ear. Do not draw a generic goldfish cracker. The tear duct shape also adds some complexity. It is not centered between the lids, but is a bit lower towards the bottom lid.
From the side, the shape resembles a triangle with the cornea poking out. The tear duct is hidden at this angle since it is behind the eyeball.
Another factor that will change the shape of the lids is the cornea. Since it is a convex form, as the cornea moves it will push the lids out. Notice how the shape of the lids changes as the eye moves.
Eyelashes
The trick with eyelashes is to simplify them. I like to group them together into chunks and draw them as simple dark shapes. From the front, the dark shape of the lashes will merge with the dark shadow under the top lid. If the lashes are long and curl up enough to be seen as individual lashes, still try to simplify them rather than drawing each lash. I like to draw them blurry as if they are out of focus. From the side, the shape is like a curly triangle.
The Brow Ridge
 The brow ridge acts like an awning to protect the eye. Similarly, the top lid extends forward further than the bottom lid.The eyebrows sit on the brow-ridge and peak towards the outer end. The outside ends tend to be lighter, thinner, and have less hair than the inside ends. The shape of the eyebrows varies from person to person. Men tend to have fuller and straighter types while women have thinner types that peak higher. |
* * *
UPDATE – 09-13-2012
Made a video version of this tutorial. Visit Proko.com for more videos.
Related tutorials: How to Draw Lips, How to Draw the Nose and How to Draw Ears
Thanks Stan, That was helpful!
Eye give you an A for awesome!
This is very cool. The tutorial breaks down one of my greatest challenges drawing the human face.
Thanks!
Thank You, Stan. And thanks to Beverly for sharing. Miss all of you!
Best Regards
Fernanda
Thanks for the great tutorial, I learned a lot of things that I didn’t know before. I like your sense of humor.
Great tutorial! Very detailed and easy to understand. Thanks!
A wonderful tutorial, both easy to understand yet thorough! It has helped me to understand where I was going wrong, thank you =]
I’m glad you guys are learning. If anyone has requests and ideas for future tutorials, please email me or comment.
wow that was easy to understand and it pointed out were i was going wrong that was so easy because it was a visual tutorial and showed real life things. thanks
Love it! with a pasion!
Thanks!
Thank you. Thank you. Thank you.
Thank you this was very helpful. I thought I was very good at drawing eyes until I read this and figured out I was doing everything you said not to do. I’m really impatient and wish I could become an artist overnight, but this was simple and easy to understand. I do have one suggestion though. You might want to remind the reader about what convex and concave mean. Sometimes I had to scroll up to see which was which. On the other hand most people know what that means already, so it’s your choice, I’m just a middle schooler. Anyway, fantastic explanations and thank you fo this article.
Thanks Skyler!
remember, concave goes inward like a cave.
I an very grateful to you as you helped me in various steps of drawing where I have never seen any mistake by myself so thank you so much I shall more grateful if I can get tutorial via email when need be thank you
Ashley. Thank you! If you would like to be notified by email of new content add your email address to my mailing list. You can find the mailing list link at the top right of this website.
cool techniques and a beautiful eye!
Great posts Stan – and thanks very much for sharing your knowledge and helping other artists. I have been struggling with self-portraits for a while now and now begin to see why. I will read all of your articles about the head and face and go back to the easel with a renewed confidence.
Regards
How to draw eyes is nice tutorial for drawing eye images.
Thank you.
Edit
awesome thank you for writing this!! SOOOO many helpful hints
Thank you very much!!! wonderful for me…this draw help me a lot
Great tutorial.Thanks
an excellent lesson in depicting the eyes which indeed are so crucial in holding the beholder…. I just love it and would love to have more tips and guidance notes
my best
Kiran Soni Gupta
http://www.kiransoniarts.com
Very good! I have been drawing mostly faces for more than 35 yrs and I learned something from this.
This is another awesome tutorial. One thing I think might be useful though is some commentary on the size of the eye with respect to the head, especially regarding the sphere around which one draws the eyelids.
Thanks for putting these up–very useful!
Thank you very much Stan. Your “how to tuts” are so GREAT, thanx for sharing, Ivana.
I have googled “how to draw eyes” and have studied lots of sites with different techniques, but your explanation is by far the best I have seen. Thanks so much!
Very nice tutorial. You’ve managed to compile a set of guidelines that I’ve never seen so succinctly and thoroughly presented in one spot before. I would have killed for this about a month ago when I picked up my pencil again after a long, long hiatus. I’ll value it highly now. Thanks!
Wow, that was really good. It’s easy to understand and also all the information about the shape of the eye helps alot. Thank you so much!
I think it’s most particular explanation that i had ever read
all this is very important to learn how to draw a really eyes.
Stan, I have looked at dozens of how-to-draw sites in my quest to learn about drawing the eye. Yours is by far the clearest. I finally understand that the cornea has a pushing effect on the shape of the lids – something I’d observed from life but never seen so clearly described. And I didn’t realize the cornea was concave, but knowing that has made a huge difference to the realism of my drawings.
Thank you!
Thank you! That was really simple to follow, and really useful!
Mind blowing!.
. thnx.
Very good.
This was such an effective way of teaching. It really helped me and I have been drawing and teaching drawing to high school kids forever. I think it was because of the fun stuff that you use to help to relate to what info you had to get across like the beanies and the goldfish and the saucers. Kudos. Can’t wait to see your other step processes. Is it okay to share this with my students once we go back to school in the fall?
Very good tutorial. It is cool that so much could be known about eyes just from an artistic rendering viewpoint. Good stuff.
I love this tutorial — it helps a lot!
Thanks!
Wow thank you so much Stan. Opened MY eyes to some things the concave and convex or retina and cornea yea and all the other awesome clarity you filled in between the dots.
excellent,like most good teachers, you take a complex subject and simplify it so us mear mortals can begin to understand.I learned more about drawing the eye from your lessen than I ever learned in high school. thankyou
im not going to use this tutorial in any way… but i do want to say that it was extremely well done… i glanced over it… the diagrams gave it all away and when i went to read it, I pretty much knew it all! Great work!
You asked if we had suggestions for future tutorials. First I have to say, I love your tutorials; clear, simple, direct and easy to follow. My next challenge is bringing all these pieces together. How do you instill emotion or character into the face?
Ur on stumble so prepare for the onslaught of comments!
This was enormously helpful! Thank you!
wonderful information. Love the way you illustrate form thru examples like beanies on the soccer ball. Looking forward to learning more from you!
Thank you for the infomation. I especially love portraits. Your information is well written, informative and yet still easy to understand. You wrote of a few things I have not considered or read before. It’s always fun to learn something new.
this was pretty good, I learned a thing or two
angela – yes it’s ok to share!
thanks everyone! I’m glad the tutorials are helping!
I am not really one who draws, but this seems like it might be a fun tutorial to try. Definitely worth a SU thumbs up.
Your tutorials are really helpful! The ideas you use for conveying the concepts, like the soccer ball and the concave and convex plates are perfect. I hope to see more tutorials soon. Thanks.
this is really great advice, what if you added a segment on how to put it all together? you said a lot of helpful things, but i’m not sure where to start when i draw.
I LOOOVED this tutorial.
I love the eyes and i LOVE to draw the eyes…
You have simplified a lot of things regarding the structure of the brow ridge…
Thank you.
thanks its helpful to beginner just like me
awesome!
Thanks a bunch Stan. You’re ‘The Man’ now and Eye’ll endeavour to be your star pupil. Having a ball doing this with lashes of practice. If eye get any cornea at drawing, eye’ll say it’s just the luck of the Iris… But we’ll keep it low brow for now.
Great tute. Thanks a lot.
HAHA, thanks Terry!
I think this will be very helpful when I get up the courage to start drawing my eye! Thanks for the info!
What type of drawing will this be ?
“NO FISH SHAPED EYES.”
Made me crack up.
very nice… thanks so much for sharing!
This is really helpful. I am amazed by the eye and I find the eye the most beautiful
)
Bro….this is like the best ever tutoial… I have been searching for this type of tutorial for like ages… Bro, u really made my mind clear about drawing heads and facial features… I almost gave up until i saw this,thnx,, I don’t know how to thank you…you just made me so dam happy… =) thnx lot bro, you are a great teacher in drawing. Keep up the good work ^^
I have just drawn the best eye i have ever drawn! thanks tutorial! ;D
I drew one just like it!!! and im pretty proud of myself:)p0o0——–
What a help. Now I can get a 7 in Realism, Arts!
thanks for these posts, I’m reading loonis at the moment, and using hi examples but I find your explanations much clearer and I feel that I understand this better now. I’ll be bookmarking your site, thanks!
a bit confusing with your examples but im excited to try it out it seams to make sense
thanks
no fish 4 u!!
Thank you, alway’s wanted to learn to draw.
Now I can.
I’m doing a portrait of my lady.
The concepts are very helpful.
Wow. I love to draw faces and especially eyes. I eventually learned the mentioned things here, but never understood some reasons behind them (for example, shading of iris because of its concave shape). This tutorial was enlightening
I have two portrait drawing books, I love them but you could say something I didn’t know. I’ve read zillion tutorials about various things you covered but yours are more thorough, just what I need (I never read anything about the effect of the wandering eye on the eye shape. I noticed it by myself though and now I learned why it is so). Thanks a lot! And forgive me my not-good-enough English :-/
The most helpful drawing tutorial I have ever read! Breaking the eye down in terms of anatomy made much more sense to me.
Thank you!
Fi
How long did it take you to get to where you draw with all these concepts at the same time? I have the hardest time with eyes. thanks for the tutorial and the tip on light sources
Social – so far 8 years of formal training. There was never a day when I said “Ok, I got it”. It’s a slow climb and there’s always room for improvement.
very well explained and insightful ^_^
thank u . i learn a lot
thanks . i learn a lot .
I know that this will help me to improve my skills in drawing. I will try this and draw someone as a gift for her 18th birthday. My gift will be the best gift that she would have ever.
thanks!
Great tutorial, though I think it would be nice to point out ways to draw different eyes (Asian eyes, for example, do not have much of a brow ridge and there is less of a shadow on the upper lid)
Hi Stan,
I just came across your tutorials and blog yesterday. Don’t know why I haven’t seen them sooner. They are excellent. Very clear and helpful. Thank You!
thnks sir. that was helpfull. i was worried about such stuff in portraits.
also known as: how to draw a really detailed vagina.
i love it thanks
Brilliant and made so easy to understand.
Jan x
so incredibly helpful!
Dear Ms. Prokopenko,
My name is Susan, How wonderful yuo are to share this with me (us all) ! Thank you! I never ever drew an eye before, and I think by golly I did pretty great for my first try -after reading this. Thanks this was great!!! Hey,BTW I am 39 years young,so I feel pretty accomplished -Ha! Especially since I usually draw stick people looking things!!! Thanks again!!
Your tutorials are amazing! I’m learning so much about drawing. I have a quick question. Which sketchbook and pencils do you recommend?
Very helpful tutorial thanks a lot for sharing
Спасибо за урок,очень помогло,только вот никак не пойму,это же традиционное изображение головы,а как его упрощать и стилизовать,ну что бы рисовать комиксы,например.нууу…я имею в виду-какие основные моменты должен заметить художник,что бы что-то стилизовать?Есть ли какие-нибудь правила для этого?или это исключительно дело таланта и интуиции художника?
Sorry for Russian,i thought it would be much easier to explain what i wanted to ask in that way,then in English.hope you’ll respond.
This was really informative. My struggles lie with the size of the eyes and the space between them,the placement AND the brow bone/eye muscle variations. Any tips?
Good stuff.
Tiffany – The tear ducts usually line up with the edge of the nostrils, so it helps to draw a vertical line up from to nostrils to find the space between the eyes.
For all the variations, I think it’s really just about experience and building a visual library of types. Continue to draw from life, and it will progressively get easier. You can also do a search on Amazon for one of those portrait photography books.
Thank you for your questions!
Sergei, in my opinion stylizing depends on the artists and the effect the artist is trying to get. Style is completely unique to you and is hard to teach.
:O You’re so good! I already commented on your other eyes tutorial, but I COULD NOT resist commenting here too. I’m almost certainly going to be doing Art GCSE and while people say I’m good at drawing I’ve never seen it myself. These tutes make me feel like I really am a good artist! I bet I’ll get an A* now
This was very helpful, especially regarding the shape of the cornea vs. lens. I never got that before and it always affected my work. But no more! Thanks
Tilly – which other eye’s tutorial are you referring to? I only have one I think.
Steve – Glad to hear you made improvements!
Thank you very much for your detail instruction! It is very helpful to me!
Thank you. It is helpful for me.
Копилка онлайн денег - Не можешь запасаться круглую сумму?
Неослабно тратишь вебмани и яндекс деньги?
Нынче поглощать сервис где ты можешь скопить деньги, один выбирай дату съема денег и смотри что вебмани и яндекс рублей накопил.
Скопи монета, купи то, сколько ты хочешь.
Копилка создана только ради вас.
Попробуй выше сервис и мы уверенны, что ты снова не единожды будешь собирать электронные финансы дружно с нами.
Это удобно, это надежно, это выгодно.
Собирать аржаны в интернете- ныне это легко.
Наблюдай после своим балансом.
Добавляй электронные деньги.
И ты получишь кругленькую сумму именно в ту дату, которую выберешь сам.
thank you
excellant
Absolutely helpful… Thanks a lot!!
This is so well detailed. I have spent untold hours trying to get my students to draw eyes properly. Retired one and I wish I had had these notes back then. Very well done.
Hi Stan;
I am going through your blog and it got me thinking to take up painting again after a decade of stopping.
I am so eager to improve my skills even if we don’t have painting schools in here.
Greetings from North Africa
good!!
this is awesome!
THANK YOU!!
Thanks, perfected and very easy method
excellant very helpful
Спасибо, чувак!
Great explanation…got me on the right foot, immediately
I’ve read this from a post by Annie. A cool blog to help you in drawing realistic faces.. http://www.drawrealisticface.com ..
The obvious rules to how the eye works (that I don’t think about while drawing) has… well… “opened my eyes”, so to say. Thank you for the rules – they will definiitely stick in my mind for next time. Those really do help!
the very best drawing tutorial I have ever seen online thank you for your attention to detail
This is the very best drawing tutorial i have ever seen online you are as good a teacher as you are an artist please keep up this work
Holy zzzhkkit…. You are right on on no ‘fish shaped eyes’.. I’m guessing I might have to remove the ‘fish eye’ step from my video
so helpful
Thank you, your tutorial is amazing, best regards!
it is to hard and dont get it
vry gud fr beginrs….
Oh thank you do very much! I’m in high school still and my teachers never have gone into much depth on the features of the face! How you simplify the shapes really has helped and I can’t wait to start drawing!! Thank you again :{D
Very informative – Thanks
good very good, like every tuto on this site.
thanks stan
Thank you for this. One small point; I’ve looked up anatomical references on the structure of the eye, and from everything I’ve seen the iris is NOT concave. In fact, it is more convex, since it covers the convex lens. I believe the reason it is darker at the top is due to the shadow being cast by the upper eyelid.
Great Tutorial! The break downs help memorize how to draw and see the eye.
I liked the tutorial, it was very clear. I did however miss the example of a grouped eyelash, it is hard to picture in my mind what it would look like, and such. awesome work on the tutorials, thank you so much.
I still need help with putting the eyes on the face.
i like to draw vary vary vary vary vary vary much
thing you
Pleased to meet each person here.
I’m new here. Will really appreciate all of your assist.
Appreciate it
This was perfect, thank you for sharing!(:
Thank you for sharing your knowledge on drawing faces, which is very thorough. I am very impressed by your ingenious way of presenting a fairly complex subject matter and with humour too! It will certainly help me.
Truly
Denis
i couldn’t open the videos. i was disappointed that there was no step-by-step in this tutorials in the non-video part like the other tutorials.
Your tutorial is absolutely amazing!!!! I was taught anatomy by master painters in Italy but the way you presented it is by far superior. Thank you thank you thank you!!!!!
Maybe a tutorial on how to draw eyes on an angled face next? (like a face angled down??)
thank you, very good tut indeed.
That was brilliant..thank you so much
I hope to learn more and more
Excellent way to guide step over step in logical sequence that appeals and excites you to try sketch the eye.
Short practical and enabling.
tanks a lot
this is great!
Thanks! Great tutorial.
That is really cool. It’s helped me a lot, thanks. I just realised that all this time I was doing so many things incorrectly. Lol, thanks
Thanks ..Thanks…
You are great! this was very helpful to me.
Brilliant tutorial, clear & concise. Thanks I always avoided faces when I attended any life drawing class
If you avoid drawing the portrait you’ll never get better at it. Don’t try to impress the other people in class by sticking to the things you know you’re good at. Life drawing workshops are for you to practice not display your abilities
Next time draw only portraits!
Thanks for sharing
requiero cirigia de parpados por favor envie mas información gracias.
Very nice tutorial
fantastic and beautiful
Head drawing was never felt that easy. Thanks
Gostei muito do desenho e da demonstração.Obrigada.
Printed it out as it is very helpful, I am going back to charcoal, and watercolor after a long absence and need a brush up…. Not many art classes in Los Angeles area that I know of that aren’t modern.
Many Thanks, Pegi Sapp Burton
There isn’t too much left in this world that is free. Thank you for sharing your knowledge to one of the reason’s I don’t try to tackle the human face. I have three drawings I attempted and actually framed, 2 of my daughter and one of a leopard. There isn’t a time I feel disappointed in the eyes b/c I know I didn’t capture it like I needed too. I am practicing this and making this my lesson for the weekend. Thanks so much!!
I like the way you show us to draw the eye nose ears lips thanks a lot I just start to do portaids
Thanks for the great tutorial!
The eyes I used to draw look so flat and sloppy, compared to the ones I drew with this guide!
Yeah art is cooooll
thank you